Many think relativity is a concept introduced by the genius
Einstein. It is wrong. Relativity actually dates back to the times of Galileo. But it was Einstein who extended and improvised
the idea and showed that it was not a paradox but a reality of nature by his
special and general theory of relativity.
So, let’s first go to the origins of relativity. The principle of
relativity is considered to be first proposed by Galileo in 1632
in his 'Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'. Galileo gave the first law of relativity. And then, when Newton proposed his three laws of motion in his infamous 'Principia Mathematica', the second law of relativity was derived and the first law was confirmed.
The principle of relativity before Einstein originally had the following postulates-
1st- Laws
of nature appear to be same for all observers moving with constant velocity.
2nd- Absolute velocity is
has no physical meaning, only relative velocities are meaningful.
Consider a completely sealed chamber whose interior is completely
free from any outside interference. This chamber is occupied by an intelligent
scientist who has access to a lot of scientific instruments and is free to
conduct any kind of experiment, but the condition is that he can conduct his
experiments within the premises of the chamber not outside it (which means he
even cannot send or receive any sort of signals from the outside). Now, without
knowledge of the scientist, the chamber is strapped on to a rocket flying at a
high but constant speed heading straight towards an active volcano! Now, he is
given a challenge, that if he could anyhow find out the speed of the rocket
(while within the chamber), then only he will be released.
So, can he do it?
The answer is NO! Because the first postulate of relativity
forbids him to do so. According to the first postulate, laws of nature appear
to be same for all observers moving with constant velocity. So, any experiment
would appear to be the same for objects stationary on the ground and objects
moving with a uniform velocity. So, any experiment conducted by the scientist
within the chamber on the rocket will give him normal results (just as he was
stationary on the ground). If he hadn't even been told that he was on
a rocket he wouldn't even have known it and would have
certainly met his death.
Therefore, there is no way he could have found out the speed of
the rocket, no matter how intelligent he is.
Let’s come to the 2nd rule of relativity. The 2nd rule
states that no one can calculate ones absolute velocity. You can only calculate
your velocity relative to something else. So, if the scientist could have
carved out a window out of the wall of the chamber, he could have got an idea
of his speed relative to the wind blowing backwards. (But that would be
cheating of course).
Now, consider a train moving at 100 mph. Now, this speed is not
its absolute speed because, as earth spins around its axis we are being carried at 1000
mph, as it orbits the sun we are being carried at 70,000 mph, as the sun
orbits the milky way galaxy, we are moving at 500,00 mph. Also our galaxy is
moving at some 800,000 mph through the cosmic microwave background. So, what is
the actual or absolute speed of the train? Theory of relativity states that
one’s absolute velocity is unobtainable. We can only state that the train is
moving at 100 mph relative to the earth.
So, due the rules of relativity, we could never know what our
actual position is or what our actual state of motion is. We can only state
that we are here relative to something else or we are moving relative to
something else. So, the original theory of relativity completely eradicated the
concept of an absolute space, which was believed in until then.
Relativity proved that space is not absolute. The position of
events occurring in space depends on the one who observes it. Different observers might
disagree on the actual position of an event. But, the all are correct. Because
it is what they observe according to their frame of reference, (provided that
the frame is inertial, as relativity does not apply to non inertial frames just
as Newton’s laws of motion does not apply in non inertial frames.) For example,
a person on the train might argue that the train is stationary and the earth is
moving relative to it and there is no reason to disagree with him.
So, basically relativity eradicated the notion of an absolute
reality which was unacceptable by many. Although Newton’s laws of motion
indicated absence of an absolute space, he denied to accept it because it did
not agree with the notion of an absolute god.